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E2 Endocrinology Acronyms
Acronyms
DM diabetes mellitus HVA DXM dexamethasone ICF ECF extracellular fluid IDL EtOH ethanol IFG FFA free fatty acids IGT FNA fine needle aspiration LCAT FPG fasting plasma glucose LDL FSH follicle stimulating hormone LH GFR glomerular filtration rate LP
GH growth hormone MEN GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone MMI GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone MTC Hb hemoglobin NS hCG human chorionic gonadotropin OGTT HDL high density lipoprotein PAD HHS hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state PCOS HLA human leukocyte antigen POMC HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A PRL
Toronto Notes 2019
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Ab
ACR albumin-creatinine ratio
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH antidiuretic hormone
AG anion gap
AVP arginine vasopressin
BG blood glucose
BMD bone mineral density
BMI body mass index
CAD coronary artery disease
CAH congenital adrenal hyperplasia
CHO carbohydrates
CK creatine kinase
CMV cytomegalovirus
CrCl creatinine clearance
CRH corticotropin releasing hormone
CVD cardiovascular disease
DDAVP desmopressin (1-deamino- HPA
concentration antibody
homovanillic acid
intracellular fluid
intermediate density lipoprotein impaired fasting glucose
impaired glucose tolerance lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase low density lipoprotein
luteinizing hormone
lipoprotein
multiple endocrine neoplasia methimazole
medullary thyroid cancer
normal saline
oral glucose tolerance test peripheral arterial disease polycystic ovarian syndrome pro-opiomelanocorticotropin prolactin
parathyroid hormone propylthiouracil
RAIU radioactive iodine uptake
RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RH releasing hormone
SHBG sex hormone binding globulin
T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
TBG thyroid binding globulin
TC total cholesterol
TG triglycerides
TgAb thyroglobulin antibodies
TPOAb anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies TRAb TSH receptor antibodies
TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
TSI thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin VLDL very low density lipoprotein
VMA vanillylmandelic acid
WC waist circumference
PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior pituitary
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)* Oxytocin*
PARATHYROID GLANDS
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PANCREAS
Insulin Glucagon
OVARIES
Estrogen Progesterone
© Stefania Spano 2012
8-D-arginine vasopressin) hs-CRP DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
DI diabetes insipidus DKA diabetic ketoacidosis
GENERAL FUNCTION OF ORGANS The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Information about cortical inputs, automatic function, environmental cues (light, temperature), and peripheral hormonal feedback is synthesized at the coordinating centre of the endocrine system, the hypothal- amus. The hypothalamus then sends signals to the pituitary to release hormones that affect the thyroid, adrenals, gonads, growth, milk production, and water balance
A n a t o m y fg F u n c t i o n
Hypothalamic hormones: small peptides, non- binding proteingrapid degradation
High [ ] in pituitary-portal blood system
Low [ ] in peripheral circulation
Proximity of axis preserves the pulsatile output signals from the hypothalamic neurons
Thyroid
Thyroid hormone is critical to 1) brain and somatic development in fetus and infants, 2) metabolic activity in adults, and 3) function of virtually every organ system
Adrenal
Each gland (6-8 g) has 1) a cortex with
3 layers that act like independent organs (zona glomerulosagaldosterone, fasciculatag cortisol, reticularisgandrogen and estrogen precursors), and 2) a medulla that acts like
a sympathetic ganglion to store/synthesize adrenaline and noradrenaline
Gonads
Bifunctional: sex steroid synthesis and gamete production
Sex steroids control sexuality and affect metabolic and brain functions
Parathyroid
Synthesize and secrete PTH, a principle regulator of ECF Ca2+, regulated by [Ca2+],
[Mg2+], 1,25(OH)2D (active metabolite of vit D), and phosphate
Pancreas
Endocrine islet β-cells produce insulin: oppose glucose production (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis), increase glucose uptake into muscle and fat. Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and GH are the counterregulatory
hormones
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal PTH highly sensitive C-reactive protein PTU
Basic Anatomy Review
Major Endocrine Organs
HYPOTHALAMUS
Corticotropin-RH (CRH) Gonadotropin-RH (GnRH) Thyrotropin-RH (TRH) Growth hormone-RH (GHRH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)* Oxytocin*
THYROID GLAND
Triiodothyronine (T )
Thyroxine (T ) 3 4
ADRENAL GLAND
Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens
Medulla Catecholamines
TESTES
Testosterone
*ADH and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Figure 1. Endocrine system
Dyslipidemias
Definition
• metabolicdisorderscharacterizedbyelevationsoffastingplasmaLDL-cholesterol,and/ortriglycerides (TG), and/or low HDL-cholesterol
Overview of Lipid Transport
• lipoproteinsaresphericalcomplexesthatconsistofalipidcoresurroundedbyashellofwater-soluble cholesterol, apoproteins, and phospholipids
• lipoproteinstransportlipidswithinthebody
• apolipoproteins serve as enzyme co-factors, promote clearance of the particle by interacting with
cellular receptors, and stabilize the lipoprotein micelle
Cortex